Feminism Research

Find out the three different waves of feminism

feminism a political project that actively seeks social change.
key features: 
1. all feminist theory start from the perspective that gender identity is significant.
2.Society is based ‘patriarchy’ (A social system in which men dominate. Women are systematically disadvantage), which facilitates male dominance. This domination is based on ideological and coercive forms of social control
3. The aim is to highlight social injustice against women, and to try to challenge and change this.

Context

Women were confined to the domestic sphere( they stayed at home), denied the right to their own property, to study or to participate in public life

Key Issue

•The first wave feminism was concerned with establishing of equal rights for women in particular political and legal rights

•Right to vote – suffragette, right to work  (formal legal equalities), property right; mostly the win

•The right of all adult women in Britain to vote was won in 1928

key feature

woman would have right over their bodies : Abortion

right over their  family

right over their jobs 

second wave movement questions how they are represented in the media

Postfeminism

Context

Postfeminists assume that equality has been more of less achieved and women are no longer vistimised by a patriarchy

Theories of representation - Stuart Hall    

´The idea that representation is the production of meaning through language, with language defined in its broadest sense as a system of signs

´The idea that the relationship between concepts and signs is governed by codes

´The idea that stereotyping, as a form of representation, reduces people to a few simple characteristics or traits

´The idea that stereotyping tends to occur where there are inequalities of power, as subordinate or excluded groups are constructed as different or ‘other’ (e.g. through ethnocentrism).

the theory states the importance  of visual representation- the image seems to be prevalent sign of modern. 

The first wave (1830’s – early 1900’s): Women’s fight for equal contract and property rights

Often taken for granted, women in the late 19th to early 20th centuries, realized that they must first gain political power (including the right to vote) to bring about change was how to fuel the fire. Their political agenda expanded to issues concerning sexual, reproductive and economic matters. The seed was planted that women have the potential to contribute just as much if not more than men.

The second wave (1960’s-1980’s): Broadening the debate

Coming off the heels of World War II, the second wave of feminism focused on the workplace, sexuality, family and reproductive rights. During a time when the United States was already trying to restructure itself, it was perceived that women had met their equality goals with the exception of the failure of the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment (which has still yet to be passed).

The third wave (1990’s – present): The “micropolitics” of gender equality

Today and unlike the former movements, the term ‘feminist’ is received less critically by the female population due to the varying feminist outlooks. There are the ego-cultural feminists, the radicals, the liberal/reforms, the electoral, academic, ecofeminists… the list goes on.

The main issues we face today were prefaced by the work done by the previous waves of women. We are still working to vanquish the disparities in male and female pay and the reproductive rights of women. We are working to end violence against women in our nation as well as others.

We are still fighting for acceptance and a true understanding of the term ‘feminism,’ it should be noted that we have made tremendous progress since the first wave.

Find out what the focus of each wave of feminism.

task 2

1. woman participated of the first time at 1900 paris games with the inclusion of woman events in lawn tennis and golf. woman athletics and gymnastics debuted at the 1928 olympics.
2. Helen Wills was a outstanding female tennis player when email were still seen as inferior housewives. she never showed any emotion during a match.
Elizabeth Robinson Schwartz made her debut as a runner at the Bankers meet in Chicago. She finished second to Hellen Filkey, who a the time was the American woman record holder
3.Alice Couchman Davis (November 9, 1922 - July 14, 2014)

1928	Athletics and gymnastics became open to women’s participation. Women’s participation in the Olympic Games went up to nearly 10 per cent.
1936	Skiing became open to women’s participation.
1948	Canoe-Kayak became open to women’s participation.
1952	Equestrian became open to women’s participation.
1960	At the Olympic Winter Games, over 20 per cent of the participants were women.
1964	Volleyball and luge became open to women’s participation.
1976	Rowing, basketball and handball became open to women’s participation.
1980	Hockey became open to women’s participation.
1981	Ms Flor Isava-Fonseca and Ms Pirjo Haeggman were the first women to be co-opted as IOC Members.
1984	Shooting and cycling became open to women’s participation.
1988	Tennis*, table tennis and sailing became open to women’s participation.
1990	Ms Flor Isava Fonseca was the first woman to be elected on to the IOC Executive Board.
1991	A historic decision was made by the IOC: Any new sport seeking to be included on the Olympic programme had to include women’s events.
1992	Badminton, judo and biathlon became open to women’s participation.
1995	The IOC established a Women and Sport Working Group to advise the Executive Board on suitable policies to be implemented in the field of gender equality.
1996	The 1st IOC World Conference on Women and Sport took place in Lausanne, Switzerland. Several recommendations were made including “that the IFs and the NOCs create special committees or working groups composed of at least 10 per cent women to design and implement a plan of action with a view to promoting women in sport”.  Football and softball became open to women’s participation.
1997	Ms Anita L. DeFrantz was elected as IOC Vice-President, the first woman to occupy this position.
1998	Curling and ice hockey became open to women’s participation.
2000	During the 2nd IOC World Conference on Women in Sport, the following resolution was adopted: “The Olympic Movement must reserve at least 20 per cent of decision-making positions for women within their structures by the end of 2005.” For more information click here. Introduction of the IOC Women and Sport Awards to promote the advancement of women in sport. To see the full list of the winners, click here. Weightlifting, modern pentathlon, taekwondo and triathlon became open to women’s participation.
2002	Bobsleigh became open to women’s participation.
2004	Wrestling became open to women’s participation. The 3rd IOC World Conference on Women and Sport, which was held in Marrakech, Morocco, reaffirmed the targets established in 1996 by the IOC, IFs and NOCs to have at least 20 per cent women on their executive boards and legislative bodies by 2005 and to consider the period beyond. For more information click here. Ms Gunilla Lindberg was elected IOC Vice-President. The IOC Women and Sport Working Group became a fully-fledged Commission.
2006	Golf* and rugby become open to women’s participation.
2008	The 4th IOC World Conference on Women and Sport took place by the Dead Sea, in Jordan, and adopted an Action Plan, which underlined the need for well-researched data upon which a strategy could be developed and promoted; and also emphasised that key performance indicators (KPI) should be set, and a mechanism developed to monitor progress. For more information click here. Ms Nawal El Moutawakel was elected as a Member of the IOC Executive Board.
2009	The XIII Olympic Congress held in Copenhagen, Denmark, issued a recommendation aimed at strengthening the women and sport policy. For more information click here.
20	Former IOC President, Jacques Rogge appointed Ms Nawal El Moutawakel as Chair of the Coordination Commission for Olympic Games Rio 2016 Extension  Compare and contrast the way that they are represented.